The positive effects and mechanisms of honey against breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is a malignancy that occurs in cells in the breast tissue where cells in the breast divide and grow out of control, invade surrounding tissues, or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. METHOD: This review was systematically carried out through PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar websites in English and Indonesian using the keyword content of the article, obtaining 21 selected articles. This review demonstrates honey's promising mechanism of combined synergistic effect for breast cancer management. CONCLUSION: Antioxidants in honey intercept free radicals of phenolic compounds which are the main factors responsible for the antioxidant activity of honey. The antimicrobial activity in most honey is due to the enzymatic production of hydrogen peroxide, and its anti-cancer properties are discussed in this section.

Integration of chemical health risk assessment (CHRA) and indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment: from a Malaysian perspective.

In Malaysia, chemical management in workplaces is managed under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. Hence, the introduction of the Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standards of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000 has strengthened the chemical management level in workplaces, including higher academic institutions. The introduction of chemical health risk assessment through the regulation required management to conduct the assessment at workplaces. Poor levels of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in chemical laboratories may also cause discomfort among workers when there is sick building syndrome in laboratories. IAQ is managed through the Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality 2010. Although both are different in method and approach, both are meant to ensure the workers' safety and comfort. This study is aimed to investigate the need to integrate both chemical health risk assessment and IAQ assessment in laboratories to ensure optimum safety levels among workers.

Ginger potency on the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a type of disease caused by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that can destroy body tissues. The use of traditional medicine naturally uses plants from ginger with the maceration method. The ginger plant is a herbaceous flowering plant with the Zingiberaceacea group. METHODS: This study uses the literature review method by reviewing 50 articles from journals and databases. RESULTS: A review of several articles, namely ginger has bioactive components such as gingerol. Ginger is used as a treatment in complementary therapies using plants. Ginger is a strategy with many benefits and functions as a nutritional complement to the body. This benefit has shown the effect of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer against nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy in breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Anticancer in ginger is shown by polyphenols associated with anti-metastatic, anti-proliferative, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy. Therefore, consuming ginger regularly affects natural herbal therapy with the prevention and treatment of breast cancer and serves as a prevention against the effects of chemotherapy.

FOXP3 regulatory T cells on prognosis of breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: FOXP3 Tregs have been found in breast cancer patients, both humoral and tumor. Survival or prognosis of breast cancer patients seems to correlate with the increase and decrease in FOXP3 Treg. OBJECTIVES: This review aims to provide insights regarding the FOXP3 Tregs involved and their mechanisms in breast cancer prognosis. METHODS: The literature study method is used from primary and secondary libraries. The library search used online-based search instruments such as NCBI-PubMed, Google Scholar, and Elsevier. The data obtained were then arranged according to the framework, data on the relationship between FOXP3 Regulatory T Cells and breast cancer, and writing a journal review was carried out according to the given format. Regulators (Tregs) can inhibit anti-tumor immunity and promote tumor growth. Tregs also play a role in inhibiting cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells by inhibiting the release of granules from CD8+, where CD8+ is important in killing tumor cells. FOXP3 is a Treg-specific biomarker and plays an important role in the development and function of Tregs. RESULTS: Studies on the presence of FOXP3+ Tregs in tumors have shown controversial results. Studies in some tumors reported the presence of FOXP3+, indicating a poor prognosis, whereas studies in other tumors found that FOXP3+ correlated with a good prognosis. CONCLUSION: Regulatory T lymphocytes and TILs in invasive breast carcinoma are still not established. Therefore, further research on the Effect of FOXP3 expression of regulatory T lymphocytes on breast cancer is still important.

Nanostructured Bioaerogels as a Potential Solution for Particulate Matter Pollution.

Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a significant environmental and public health issue globally. Exposure to high levels of PM, especially fine particles, can have severe health consequences. These particles can come from a variety of sources, including natural events like dust storms and wildfires, as well as human activities such as industrial processes and transportation. Although an extensive development in air filtration techniques has been made in the past few years, fine particulate matter still poses a serios and dangerous threat to human health and to our environment. Conventional air filters are fabricated from non-biodegradable and non-ecofriendly materials which can cause further environmental pollution as a result of their excessive use. Nanostructured biopolymer aerogels have shown great promise in the field of particulate matter removal. Their unique properties, renewable nature, and potential for customization make them attractive materials for air pollution control. In the present review, we discuss the meaning, properties, and advantages of nanostructured aerogels and their potential in particulate matter removal. Particulate matter pollution, types and sources of particulate matter, health effect, environmental effect, and the challenges facing scientists in particulate matter removal are also discussed in the present review. Finally, we present the most recent advances in using nanostructured bioaerogels in the removal of different types of particulate matter and discuss the challenges that we face in these applications.

Recent Advances in Nanocellulose Aerogels for Efficient Heavy Metal and Dye Removal.

Water pollution is a significant environmental issue that has emerged because of industrial and economic growth. Human activities such as industrial, agricultural, and technological practices have increased the levels of pollutants in the environment, causing harm to both the environment and public health. Dyes and heavy metals are major contributors to water pollution. Organic dyes are a major concern because of their stability in water and their potential to absorb sunlight, increasing the temperature and disrupting the ecological balance. The presence of heavy metals in the production of textile dyes adds to the toxicity of the wastewater. Heavy metals are a global issue that can harm both human health and the environment and are mainly caused by urbanization and industrialization. To address this issue, researchers have focused on developing effective water treatment procedures, including adsorption, precipitation, and filtration. Among these methods, adsorption is a simple, efficient, and cheap method for removing organic dyes from water. Aerogels have shown potential as a promising adsorbent material because of their low density, high porosity, high surface area, low thermal and electrical conductivity, and ability to respond to external stimuli. Biomaterials such as cellulose, starch, chitosan, chitin, carrageenan, and graphene have been extensively studied for the production of sustainable aerogels for water treatment. Cellulose, which is abundant in nature, has received significant attention in recent years. This review highlights the potential of cellulose-based aerogels as a sustainable and efficient material for removing dyes and heavy metals from water during the treatment process.

Utilization of Polymeric Materials toward Sustainable Biodiesel Industry: A Recent Review.

The biodiesel industry is expanding rapidly in accordance with the high energy demand and environmental deterioration related to the combustion of fossil fuel. However, poor physicochemical properties and the malperformance of biodiesel fuel still concern the researchers. In this flow, polymers were introduced in biodiesel industry to overcome such drawbacks. This paper reviewed the current utilizations of polymers in biodiesel industry. Hence, four utilizing approaches were discussed, namely polymeric biodiesel, polymeric catalysts, cold-flow improvers (CFIs), and stabilized exposure materials. Hydroxyalkanoates methyl ester (HAME) and hydroxybutyrate methyl ester (HBME) are known as polymeric biodiesel sourced from carbon-enriched polymers with the help of microbial activity. Based on the literature, the highest HBME yield was 70.7% obtained at 10% H2SO4 ratio in methanol, 67 °C, and 50 h. With increasing time to 60 h, HAME highest yield was reported as 68%. In addition, polymers offer wide range of esterification/transesterification catalysts. Based on the source, this review classified polymeric catalysts as chemically, naturally, and waste derived polymeric catalysts. Those catalysts proved efficiency, non-toxicity, economic feasibility, and reusability till the 10th cycle for some polymeric composites. Besides catalysis, polymers proved efficiency to enhance the biodiesel flow-properties. The best effect reported in this review was an 11 °C reduction for the pour point (PP) of canola biodiesel at 1 wt% of ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) of B20 waste oil biodiesel at 0.08 wt% of EVA copolymer. Polymeric CFIs have the capability to modify biodiesel agglomeration and facilitate flowing. Lastly, polymers are utilized for storage tanks and auto parts products in direct contact with biodiesel. This approach is completely exclusive for polymers that showed stability toward biodiesel exposure, such as polyoxymethylene (POM) that showed insignificant change during static immersion test for 98 days at 55 °C. Indeed, the introduction of polymers has expanded in the biodiesel industry to promote green chemistry.

Biodiesel production from candlenut oil using a non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification process: optimization, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies.

The present study was conducted to determine the feasibility of biodiesel production from candlenut oil using supercritical methanol (scMeOH) as a non-catalytic transesterification process. The influence of the scMeOH transesterification process was determined with varying pressure (85-145 bar), temperature (260-300 °C), methanol to oil (M : O) ratio (15 : 1-35 : 1), and reaction time (15-25 min). The experimental conditions of the scMeOH transesterification process were designed using central composite design (CCD) of experiments, and the process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). It was found that scMeOH temperature, pressure, M : O ratio, and reaction time substantially influenced the transesterification process. The maximum biodiesel yield of 96.35% was obtained at an optimized scMeOH transesterification process at the pressure of 115 bar, the temperature of 285 °C, M : O ratio of 30 : 1, and reaction time of 22 min. A second-order kinetics model and Eyring equations were utilized to determine the kinetics and thermodynamics of biodiesel production from candlenut oil. The activation energy value was determined to be 28.35 KJ mol-1. Analyses of the thermodynamic properties of biodiesel revealed that the transesterification process was non-spontaneous and endothermic. The physicochemical properties of produced candlenut biodiesel via scMeOH complied with most of the biodiesel properties as per ASTM D6751 and EN14214, thereby referring to good quality biodiesel production. The findings of the present study reveal that the scMeOH is an effective non-catalytic transesterification process for biodiesel production from candlenut oil.

Effectiveness of turmeric (Curcuma Longa Linn) Gel Extract (GE) on wound healing: Pre-clinical test.

OBJECTIVE: This research was basic research to identify the effect of turmeric extract tested by the in vivo method. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in the length of the wound at each concentration of gel preparations on days 3, 7, and 14, as well as differences in wound healing time at each concentration of gel preparations and, identify the most effective gel preparations for wound healing. METHOD: This study is an experimental laboratory study with experimental animals using post-test only with control groups, the type of research used is a pre-clinical test (pre-clinical trial) on female rabbits. The sample size in this study was 12 rabbits grouped randomly. The length of each group's wounds was measured and observed on days 3, 7, and 14. Gel application was carried out twice a day in the morning and evening for 14 days. In this study, the experimental data were tested using Kruskal Wallis. RESULTS: There were differences in wound length in each group treated with turmeric extract gel and base gel. Based on the mean wound length of each group, they experienced a reduction in wound length on days 3, 7, and 14. There were also differences in wound healing time in each group. In each group, wherein this case, the treatment group that was given 5% turmeric extract gel experienced a faster healing time <14 days than the other groups. CONCLUSION: In general, turmeric extract gel at each concentration is effective against wound healing. Turmeric extract gel concentration is the most effective gel with a concentration of 5%, then followed by concentrations of 10% and 15%.

The effectiveness of 7% table salt concentration test to increase collagen in the healing process of wound.

OBJECTIVE: Table salt (sodium chloride) is an ionic compound consisting of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) to form neutral compounds that can provide a healing effect on wounds. This study's purpose of seeing and test the impact of soaking 7% sodium chloride concentration on people's salt toward the wound healing process. METHOD: This study was an experimental laboratory using the One-Way ANOVA test and the Mann Whitney test conducted in the animal enclosure of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The study was conducted from July to August 2019. Samples of 20 mice (Mus Musculus) female swiss webster strains were sliced on the abdominal skin then divided into two groups: the treatment group (n=15) and the control group (n=5). The wound area was observed from the first day to the seventh day to see the wound closure process. RESULTS: The research shows that soaking 7% of table salt concentration can significantly accelerate the wound healing process compared to the control group, with a decrease in wound diameter on the 3rd day and completely heal on the 7th day. CONCLUSION: 7% concentration of table Salt Soaking can increase the effectiveness of wound healing.

Effectiveness of Augmented Reality (AR) based learning media on increasing the physical examination system of pregnant women urinary system.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of learning media based on Augmented Reality (AR) on improving the physical examination skills of the urinary system of pregnant women. METHOD: This type of research is an experimental study with a quasi-experimental non-equivalent control group design conducted in January-February 2020 at the Midwifery Polytechnic Laboratory of the Ministry of Health Gorontalo. A sample of 92 students was selected by purposive sampling and met the inclusion criteria. Then the sample was divided into two groups: a control group that was given material through lecture and demonstration methods totaling 30 respondents and an intervention group that was given material through AR learning media and a method of demonstration totaling 62 respondents. Data collection was performed using a checklist to assess student skills improvement. Data were analyzed using the Cochran test to determine differences in skills over time. RESULTS: There was an increase in skills in the control and intervention groups with a statistically significant P<0.001 (P<0.05). However, the results showed that the mean improvement in skills in the week I of the study in the intervention group who were given AR learning media was higher in the percentage of skill improvement (72.6%) when compared to the control group who were given the lecture method and the demonstration method (36.7%). Likewise, the mean increase in skills in week II of the study in the intervention group was higher in the percentage of skill improvement (91.9%) compared to the control group given the lecture and demonstration method (66.7%), although in the third week all respondents in the control group and group the intervention becomes skilled at carrying out a physical examination of the urinary system of pregnant women. CONCLUSION: AR media is more effective in improving student skills.

Biscuits containing Moringa oleifera leaves flour improve conditions of anemia in pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes whether anemia in pregnant women improves with indicators of increased hemoglobin, intake of iron and zinc when intervened with biscuits contain Moringa oleifera leaf flour. METHOD: It was Quasy experiment carried out at Antang, Mamajang and Batua Public Health Center in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The subject were the pregnant women of Trimester I and III trimesters which are divided into 2 groups with the intervention Group (n=35) obtained M. oleifera leaf flour biscuits with combination iron tablet and the control group (n=35) only accept FE tablets. Intervention group was given biscuits containing 40% moringa leaf flour (2.8g per biscuits) with a dose of 2 pieces a day containing Moringa leaf flour and a combination of iron tablets with a dose of 2 times 250mg, while the control group only consumed iron tablets at a dose of 2 times 250mg. After 60 days, a posttest was carried out to examine hemoglobin, iron and zinc. RESULT: The results showed that there was a significance increasing of hemoglobin after intervention (1.04g/dl, p=0.001), increasing of iron intake significantly (2.51mg, p=0.001) and zinc intake (0.14mg, p=0.144) also increas but not statistically significant. The increase in these three indicators was higher than the control group. CONCLUSION: Biscuits containing M. oleifera leaf flour are able to provide improvement in the condition of pregnant mothers who have anemia, especially in hemoglobin levels, iron and zinc intake.

Moringa oleifera leaf flour biscuits increase the index of erythrocytes in pregnant women with anemia.

BACKGROUND: Moringa Oleifera leaves contain nutrients such as proteins, iron, and vitamin C that potentially prevent anemia more common in pregnant women. In the manufacture of cookies that are substituted Moringa Oleifera leaf flour substitution, 40% obtained Fe levels 22.68ppm so that it can be developed to prevent anemia. The purpose of this research is to know the effect of giving biscuits (cookies) Moringa Oleifera leaf flour to index erythrocytes (MCH, MCHC, MCV) of pregnant women with anemia. METHOD: It was a quasi-experiment research with design nonequivalent Control Group design. The research was conducted at Antang, Mamajang, and Batua Public Health Center in Makassar, examination of hematology analyzer in the Clinic Pathology Laboratory of Universitas Hasanuddin Hospital. Sampling techniques using purposive sampling. Samples were pregnant women with trimester I and III anemia amounted to 25 samples on the biscuit moringa group and 25 samples in the control group. Data were analyzed using test Paired T-Test, T-Test Independent, Wilcoxon, and Mann - U Withney. RESULT: Characteristics of age, gestational age, income, physical activity, education, and parity of both groups has been comparable before the treatment with the value p>0.05, with most of the samples aged 20-35 years having a pregnancy age of 4-8 weeks, income IDR 1 million - IDR. 2 million, activity score Baecke 6.00-7.25, Senior High School education, parity >1. A significant average increase in the value of MCH from 27.55 to 28.00 and MCV from 78.57 to 78.93 in the group provided biscuits (cookies) of Moringa Oleifera leaf flour with p-value <0.05, in the control group, occurred an average but insignificant increase with p-value >0.05. The MCHC Group control and biscuit moringa group had an average increase, but both were not statistically significant, p>0.05. There is a significant difference in increased MCH and MCV erythrocyte indices between the biscuit moringa and control groups with a p-value <0.05. As for the MCHC value, the two groups do not differ meaningfully with p-value=0.611, p>0.005. CONCLUSION: There is the effect of giving biscuits (cookies) Moringa Oleifera leaf Flour Against the index of erythrocytes MCH and MCV in pregnant women with anemia. However, it has no effect on the MCHC value of pregnant women with anemia. It is recommended for pregnant women to utilize local plants, the Moringa Oleifera leaves to fulfill the intake of nutrients that can help pregnant women from anemia.

Web-based learning media the skills of suturing rupture perineum of midwifery students.

OBJECTIVE: This research aims to determine the influence of Web-based learning media on improving perineum rupture stitching skills for D-III Midwifery students. METHOD: This study uses a Research and Development (R&D) research design with the Borg & Gall development model to test the use of this product. The Quasi-Experimental research with a non-equivalent control group design was conducted in January-February 2020 at AKBID Pelamonia Makassar. The sample in this study was the second semester of the Midwifery Academy Pelamonia VII Wirabuana Makassar, totaling 64 people who were divided into two groups of intervention and control. The intervention group I (WEB media giving) amounted to 32 people and control 32 people. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. At the end of the meeting, a post-test was conducted. The statistical test used was the paired sample t-test and Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: The percentage of application assessment using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire to assess the application's usability level is a very good category and can be interpreted that students accept WEB-based learning media. Statistical tests showed differences in the results of measurement I and measurement II in the removal of grade II perineum rupture in the control group (p<0.05) and contributed 15.6%. In the intervention group I (WEB-based learning media), there were differences in skills before and after media giving (p<0.05) and contributed 89.8% in improving the skills of the second semester Midwifery DIII students regarding the sewing of second-degree perineum rupture. CONCLUSION: The use of Web-Based Learning Media facilitates and enhances students in performing second-degree perineum rupture sewing skills.

Influence of breast milk education media on increasing knowledge about breast milk: Literature review.

OBJECTIVE: Analyzing the educational media of breast milk, whether breast milk education media can increase knowledge about breast milk. METHOD: Article search using Proquest, Sciencedirect, Pubmed, and Scholar to find articles that fit the criteria for inclusion and exclusion is then reviewed. RESULT: Multimedia is good in improving the knowledge and attitude of mothers in giving breast milk. Multimedia with a change rate of 4.53 with SD 1.99. For attitudes, the analysis of attitude changes in multimedia methods is 3.77 with SD 4.24. CONCLUSION: Multimedia can help improve knowledge about breast milk.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) consumption as a nutrition source for mild anemia.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to describe an intervention that utilizes dates as a source of nutrition for pregnant women to increase hemoglobin levels in the blood in anemia incidence. The findings in this study are related to the use of dates to increase hemoglobin levels in the blood in pregnant women. METHODS: This study uses search databases used in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The keywords used in the initial search for articles are dates and hemoglobin obtained as many as 189 articles. At the time of using the keywords dates, hemoglobin, anemia by obtaining 15 articles and which are used only 10 articles according to the analysis of the purpose, suitability of the topic, the method of research used, sample size, research ethics, the results of each article, as well as limitations that occur. RESULT: Anemia in pregnant women causes hemoglobin (Hb) levels to decrease in the blood; the capacity of oxygen transfer to meet the needs of vital organs in the mother and fetus is reduced. All literature reviewed shows that administration of dates increases hemoglobin levels; only one literature shows no influence of consumes date juice on hemoglobin level. The majority of the literature reviewed is mild anemia. CONCLUSION: There are effective results in the implementation of health promotion of increased hemoglobin levels in the blood in pregnant women by utilizing dates as a source of nutrition.

Anchovy fish biscuits improve adolescents nutritional status.

AIM: This study determines how giving fish anchovy biscuits (Stolephorus sp) improves nutritional status in Adolescent Girls at Vocational High School 01 Rangas, Mamuju Regency. RESEARCH METHODS: It was a quantitative research Quasi Experiment by Nonequaivalent Control Group design where there are 2 test groups, namely the control group and the intervention group. The intervention group was given fish anchovy biscuits, while the control group was given Placebo biscuits. The dose given is four pieces of biscuits in a day for 12 weeks. The study population was all female teenagers in class XII Vocational High School 01 Rangas, Mamuju Regency. This research was conducted from January to April 2020. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling by considering inclusion and exclusion criteria to obtain a sample of 60 people. Nutritional status measurements were carried out twice before and after the intervention using a digital weighing instrument and height measurement. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: This study shows that the statistical test results obtained values (p=0.001, p<0.05), which means that there is an influence of fish anchovy biscuits on improving the nutritional status of Adolescent Girls at Vocational High school 01 Rangas Mamuju Regency. CONCLUSION: The results of data analysis and evaluation results on the Fish anchovy Biscuit intervention show a difference in improving the nutritional status after being given the fish anchovy Biscuit intervention on Young Women in Vocational High School 01 Rangas, Mamuju Regency.

Learning media based on augmented reality (AR) increased the skill of physical examination of the integumentary system of pregnant women in midwifery students.

OBJECTIVE: This research was to analyze the correlation of AR-based Learning Media to improving the physical examination of the integumentary system of pregnant women in midwifery students. METHOD: The research method used Quasi-experimental with Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The sample of 92 students was selected by a purposive sample, divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group was 62 students, and the control group was 30 students. Data collection was performed using a checklist to assess the skill of the physical examination of the integumentary system of pregnant women. To test the differences of skill before and after treatment in control and intervention groups used the Mcnemar test, whereas to know the differences in skill from time to time Cochran test was used. RESULT: The results showed differences in the measurement of skills improvement in the control and intervention groups before and after the intervention was given. A more significant increase in skills occurred in the intervention group with a p-value <0.001 contributing after 1week of giving a demonstration, and application-based (AR) skills increased by 66.1%. After two weeks it increased by 93.5%, and after two weeks it increased by 100%. So it could be concluded statistically that AR-based learning media was significant in improving the physical examination skills integumentary systems in pregnant women.

Potency of complemeter therapy to the healing process of perineal wound; turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn) Infusa.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of yellow turmeric-infusa of 5% and 10% on the healing process of perineal wound grade II. METHOD: The method used in this study is quasi-experiment with Pretest-Posttest Control Group design. The sampling technique is Exhaustive Sampling according to inclusion criteria. In this research consisted of three experimental groups with two intervention groups and one control group, with the number of subjects group was 15 people. Turmeric infusa is used daily by washing in the perineal wound area two times a day for 5 days postpartum. Monitoring of grade II perineal wound was performed three times, days 1, 5, and 7 postpartum using REEDA scale assessment. Data analysis used Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-Square tests. RESULTS: The results showed that on the 5th and 7th postpartum days, there were differences in redness, edema, and approximation of wounds in each group (p<0.05) while the other REEDA parameters were not significantly different. There is also a difference in the time of perineal wound healing in each group, and it can be seen from the decrease and the total REEDA score. Turmeric infusa group 5% experienced healing on the 5th day postpartum, turmeric infusa 10% recovered on the 7th day postpartum, and the control group recovered more than 7 days. CONCLUSION: Giving turmeric was proven to eliminate redness, edema, accelerate the closure, and perineal wound healing time, as seen from the p-value (p<0.05). However, turmeric infusa of 5% and 10% showed better effectiveness than turmeric infusa of 5%.